THE MING TOMBS
The Ming Tombs are 40 kilometers north of Beijing City on the southern slopes of Tianshou Mountain. They are the burial grounds of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors. In July 20xx the site was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO.
Empress Xu died in the 5th year of Yongle (1407). Zhu Di sent
Zhao Hong, secretary of the Ministry of Rites and a geomancer----Liao Junqing along with many others to Beijing in search of an auspicious place for the tombs. It is said that this group of people first selected the area of Tu Jia Ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldn't be used as the burial ground. Next they selected the foot of Yangshan Mountain, Changping. However, since the surname of the emperor (Zhu) is a homophone for pig and because a village named 'wolf mouth ravine' was located there, they decided against using that area. Later, they found Yan-jiatai west of Beijing. Again, since 'Yanjia' was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemed unsuitable. It was not until the 7th year of Yongle (1409), that they finally chose the present Heavenly Longevity Mountain as their cemetery grounds.
The whole area covers 40 square kilometers. It has mountains to its east, west and north, and Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain are on either side of its southern entrance. The 13 tombs go from north to south. They are arranged in the manner of the Imperial Palace, with the administration area in the front and living quarters in the rear. In front of the tombs are divine passes, stone archways and steel towers. The Precious City and Ming Tower stand over the Underground Palace.
There were 16 emperors during the Ming Dynasty. Buried in the Ming tombs, are 13 Ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes, princesses and maids. The other 3 emperors, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwen and Zhu Qiyu are buried in other locations.
The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, established his capital in present day Nanjing where he was buried after his death. His tomb is called Xiaoling (Tomb of Filial Piety).
The body of the second emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yunwen, is missing. Some said that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple and became a monk. There is no final conclusion yet.
The seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elder brother Zhu Qizhen at Jinshankou, a western suburb of Beijing, because in the Tumubao Upheaval, Emperor Zhu Qizhen became a captive and the younger brother of Zhu Qizhen. Zhu Qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later Zhu Qizhen was back and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the Seizing Gate Upheaval.
The Memorial Arch was built in the 19th year of Jiajing (1540) as a symbol of the Ming Tombs. It is 14 meters high and 28. 86 meters wide, and has 5 arches supported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons and lotus flowers. The Memorial Arch is the biggest and the most exquisite stone arch preserved in the country today. The major designs of dragon and cloud decorations reflect the character of imperial architecture. In addition, it also demonstrates the skillful artistry of the Ming craftsmen.
The Big Palace Gate is the front gate of the Ming Tombs, and is more commonly known as Big Red Gate. Facing south, there are three arch entrances to the gate, the main inlet to the Ming Tombs. Flanking the gate are two stone tablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people to dismount, before entering into the tomb area. If they did not obey, they would be punished for their disrespect. The rules governing the Ming Tombs in the Ming Dynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood and break twigs would be flogged. Those who came to fetch dirt and stone would be beheaded. Those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged a hundred times.
The Tablet House was built in the 10th year of Xuande (1435), and stands about 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves. A huge tablet stands in the middle of the Tablet House. The front side bears an inscription by Emperor Renzong for Chengzu. The reverse side is a poem by Qing Emperor Qianlong recording in detail the conditions of the broken Changling, Yongling, Dingling and Xiling. On the east side is the record of expenditures for repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qing government. On the west side is an epitaph by Qing Emperor Jiaqing. It was written in the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804) describing the cause of the fall of the Ming Dynasty.
On the north side of the Tablet House, stands a group of stone carvings (36 in all). Behind the house, there are two stone pillars. Beyond the pillars are stone animals and other statues. Lions, Xie Zhi, camels, elephants, and Qi Lin horses .All of the animals are in two pairs. Two stand, while the other two kneel. It is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials and officials of merit, four in each group. These stone animals and statues were made in the 10th year of Xuande (1435). They reflect the imperial power when he was alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased. The animals and statues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons and each was delicately and masterfully carved.
Here stands Ling Xing Gate, also known as the unique Dragon and Phoenix Gate, with the meaning of the Gate of Heaven. The gate is pierced with six door leaves, attached to three archways. The top of the central section of the three archways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as the Flame Archway. To the north of the Dragon and Phoenix Gate there lays a seven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of Changling. To the east of the seven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site of the seven-arch bridge.
Actually we are standing on the axle line of the Ming Tombs, otherwise known as the Sacred Way or the Tomb path. We passed the Memorial Arch, the Big Palace Gate, the Tablet House, Sacred Way, stone animals and statues, and Ling Xing Gate. This seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north, all the way to the Gate of Changling.
Now, we are moving to Chang Ling. Changling is the first tomb built in the Ming Tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing Emperor Zhu Di and his empress Xu.
Zhu Di (Chengzu) of the Ming Dynasty was the fourth son of the first Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, born in 1360. Zhu Di was conferred the title of the prince of Yan in the 3rd year of Hongwu (1370). He was appointed at Beiping. After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang (the first Ming Emperor), Zhu Di used the pretext of eliminating evil officials at the side of Emperor Jianwen to lead an army expedition down south to Nanjing. He seized the throne in the 4th year of Jianwen (1402) and ascended the throne in June inside the Hall of Ancestral Worship in Nanjing. Zhu Di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in the Ming Dynasty. As soon as he became the prince of Yan, he led the generals out to battle. He had great achievements in calming down the north. After he took over his nephew's power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughout the country and consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty. He made the important decision to move the capital to Beijing. During the rule of Zhu Di, magnificent developments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy. In terms of culture, Zhu Di successively sent Grand Academician Xie Jin, Yan Guangxiao and others to compile the Yongle encyclopedia. The book has become the largest book ever complied in Chinese history. For expanding external exchanges and trade, Zhu Di selected eunuch Zheng He to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold, silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast Asia and Africa seven times in the early years of Yongle.
Empress Xu was buried together with Emperor Zhu Di in Changling. Empress Xushi was the eldest daughter of Xu Da who was one of the founding fathers of the Ming Dynasty. Throughout her lifespan, Xu Shi complied 20 articles of internal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate people's minds. She was the very first one to be buried in Changling and in the Ming Tomb area.
The Hall of Eminent Favor in Changling is the best preserved among the thirteen tombs. It is a valuable relic of ancient China's wooden structures. It is nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in China. The roof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered with yellow glazed tiles. The hall is supported by 60 thick Nanmu pillars, the middle four in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over one meter. It is known as the best Nanmu (phoebe) hall in the country.
Now we are going to Dinging. Dingling is located at the east foot of Dayu Mountain. Buried here are the 13th Ming Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) and his two empresses Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. Zhu Yijun was the longest on the throne of the Ming Emperors. (He was emperor for 48 years). He was the greediest and laziest emperor in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9. After he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister Zhang Juzheng. At this time, various aspects of society gained development.
Later ,Zhang Juzheng died of illness. Not long after Wanli managed state affairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb site when he went to pay homage to the ancestors' tombs. He spent eight million taels of silver (250,000 kilos of silver) and six years to build a high quality tomb Dingling. After the Dingling was completed, Zhu Yijun personally went to inspect it, and felt very satisfied with the result. He went so far as to hold a grand banquet in the Underground Palace, which was unheard of in history.
Zhu Yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor. Reflecting on his reign, he did not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule. The state organ was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign. Later generations commented that the fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.
Zhu Yijun had two empresses. Empress Xiaojing was originally a maid of Wanli's mother Cisheng. Later she gave birth to a son of the emperor. That son was the one-month emperor Guangzong (Zhu Changluo). She died of illness 9 years earlier than Shenzong died. She was buried as a concubine at Pinggangdi, around the east pit, at the Heavenly Longevity Mount. After Xiaojing was conferred the title of “grandmother of the emperor”, her body was moved to the Underground Palace of Dingling, and buried together with Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaoduan on the same day. Xiaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could not give birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor. Xiaoduan died of illness. A hundred days later, Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) died too. Empress Xiaoduan, Emperor Wanli, and Empress Xiaojing were buried together in the Underground Palace.
The tablet in front of Dingling has no words on it. It is called the wordless tablet. There is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a pattern of sea waves carved on the bottom. Its base is composed of a tortoise (Bixi). It is said that the dragon has nine sons. In twelve of the Ming Tombs, excluding Changling, all the tablets are wordless. Originally there were no tablet houses in front of the Tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first six tombs were completed. But the emperor Jiajing at the time indulged in drinking, lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention on the inscriptions. Consequently the six tablets are wordless. And in keeping with this tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.
Now we are arriving at The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of Eminent Favor of Dingling, The Hall of Eminent Favor is also called Hall of Enjoyment. It was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificial rites. They were mostly destroyed when the Qing soldiers came. And they were destroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.
Moving on, this is the exhibition rooms that were built after the excavation of the Underground Palace. The exhibition explains ★WWW.HUZHIDAO.COM★in detail the history of the tomb master and introduces the tomb excavation process. The exhibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north. In the south room, on display are the sacrificial objects of Emperor Wanli unearthed from the Underground Palace. In the north room, on display are the sacrificial items of the two empresses. All of then are fancy and invaluable.
Now we arrive at The Soul Tower, this is the symbol of the tomb. It is a stone structure with colorful painted decorations. The Soul Tower and the Precious citadel of Dingling have never been damaged seriously. The Soul Tower is the best preserved architecture above the ground of Dingling. On top of the yellow, glazed tiled roof of the Soul Tower sits a big stone tablet. Two Chinese characters----Dingling, are carved on the tablet. Inside the Soul Tower, on top of another stone tablet, there are two big characters----'the Great Ming' written in seal characters. On the body of the tablet, seven Chinese characters-----'Tomb of Emperor Shenzong Xian' are carved. The Soul Tower is connected with the Precious Citadel. The Precious Citadel is a large round wall built with bricks. The Precious Citadel wall is 7.5 m high, and lower part is thick while the upper part is thin. The round wall's perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wall is a large artificial mound, the emperor's tomb mound, known as Precious Top.
Dingling is the only Ming Tomb to be excavated. Formal excavation work started in May 1956 and ended in 1958. First, the working personnel discovered an exposed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the Precious Citadel of Dingling. So they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway. At the bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks. Three months later, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the Soul Tower, they dug the second tunnel. During the digging, they encountered with a stone tablet which inscribed the words ' from here 48. 8m forward and 10. 7m downward lies the precious wall'. Therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up the Underground Palace.
According to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the third tunnel, they found a stone tunnel. At last they got to the precious wall. Thus they opened the precious wall with a square stone room. To the west end of the room, lay two marble doors. The working personnel used a wire and wood plank to remove the ' self-acting' stone bar, which was against the back of the door. With this method, they opened the entrance of the Underground Palace.
The palace has no beam which was built according to the principles of geomancy Altogether there are five chambers. The chambers are separated by seven marble doors. The Underground Palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of 1,195 square meters. There is a same structure stone door in between the front, middle and rear chambers. The door is made of marble. The biggest marble door is 3. 3 meters high, 1.7 meters wide, 4 tons in weight. It looks heavy, but it is reasonably designed. The pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door axle, so the door is easy to open and close. On top of the door is a lintel (made of bronze) tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling. Carved on the front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals with rings in their mouths. Located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is a protruding section that holds the door's 'self-acting' stone bar.
The front and middle chambers are 7. 2 meters high and 6 meters wide. The floor is covered with gold bricks. According to records, the gold bricks are smooth and durable. The more you polish them, the brighter they become. There are no decorations in the front and two annex chambers. In the middle chamber, there are three marble thrones for Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses, known as the precious thrones. In the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazed offerings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of Jiajing Year's style with a cloud-and-dragon design. It is about 0.7 meters in diameter. Originally there was sesame oil in the jar. On the surface of the oil was a copper tube with a wick inside. It is called the 'everlasting lamp'. Due to the lack of oxygen, the light went out so the oil had not been used all.
The rear chamber is the biggest of the three. It is 9.5 meters high, 31 meters long, 9.l meters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones. In the rear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble. Placed on the platform are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses as well as 26 vermilion boxes filled with funeral objects.
In the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filled with soil called Gold Well. Putting jade stone around the coffin or inside the coffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being ' buried with jade. ' Ancient people believed Gold Well was the pit of geomancy. It could prevent the body from decay for a long time. Being 'buried with jade' on a Gold Well was the highest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.
Originally the empress's coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber. Then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as the emperor's? In 1620, first empress Xiaoduan died in April, then in July Emperor Wanli also died. After that, the son of Zhu Changluo died 29 days after his succession. In only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died in succession. In addition they had removed Empress Xiaojing's coffin to Dingling. All the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned Emperor Zhu Youjian. The preparation work was done in a hurried fashion (this was clearly recorded in historical documents). The rainy season had already arrived before the funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress' annex chamber may not have been convenient to open. So the coffins of the emperor, empresses all entered the Underground Palace through the front entrance. After the coffins entered the Underground Palace, since the passage to the annex chambers were narrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it. So they had to put all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.
Now please follow me out of the underground palace. And our tour for today is completed. I hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable. We now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at 4:00pm. Thank you.
长陵位于北京市昌平县境内，距北京故宫五十公里。陵区南起石牌坊，北倚天寿山主峰。四面环山，绿树丛丛。南面又有龙虎两山左右对峙，势如门户。当中奔流不息的山水自西向东而去，好似天然的护陵河。南北贯通的高速路似一条巨龙连接着长陵至故宫。
明长陵为十三陵之首，永乐皇帝和皇后徐氏的合葬墓。是永乐皇帝建北京皇宫(故宫)的第三年(公元1420xx年)自建的“寿宫”。陵园规模宏大，用料严格考究，施工精细，工程浩繁，营建时日旷久，仅地下宫殿就历时四年。
明长陵陵恩殿是嗣皇帝祭祀永乐帝后的场所，建筑在汉白玉雕刻成的三层台基上，金砖铺地。所有木件全用金丝楠木为之，古色古香。一米多直径，十几米高的六十根金丝楠木大柱，承托着二千三百平方米的重檐庑殿顶，雄伟壮观、举世无双。殿中端坐于九龙宝座之上的永乐皇帝铜像，形象逼真，做工精湛考究，此造像是巨上精美绝伦的艺术佳作。此外陈列着明陵地宫出土文物数百件，播放1956年发掘地宫的实况录像，帮助游人解开地宫之谜。
明长陵，建筑最早、面积最大、规模最宏伟、工艺用料最考究、原建筑保护最完整。历经六百年沧桑，仍完好无损，金碧辉煌。它早已被公布为全国第一秕重点文物保护单位。它不权以其宏大的古建筑和辉煌的艺术成就，丰富的历史文化内涵，吸引着每年数以百万计的中外游人和各界专家学者，而且永乐皇帝是世界上赫赫有名的一代有作为的皇帝，所以长陵又是世界最有名的旅游胜地之一。
Chers amis,
Bonjour tout le monde! Avec le démarrage de la voiture, notre activitétouristique d'aujourd'hui a officiellement commencé.Je suis très heureux d'avoirl'occasion de vous accompagner aujourd'hui pour visiter les tombes.
Les tombes Ming mondialement célèbres sont situées au pied des montagnesYanshan dans le district de Changping à Beijing.Dans un rayon de 40 kilomètrescarrés, 13 empereurs, 23 impératrices et de nombreuses concubines, princesses,princesses et servantes funéraires de la dynastie Ming sont enterrés.En parlantde cela, un ami familier avec l'histoire de la Chine peut se demander: il y a 16empereurs dans la dynastie Ming, pourquoi seulement 13 sont enterrés ici? Pourrépondre à cette question, il est temps de revenir sur l'histoire de la dynastieMing.
L'empereur fondateur de la dynastie Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang, a construit laville à Nanjing aujourd'hui. Après sa mort, il a été enterré dans le "mausoléeMing Xiao" de Zhongshan, Nanjing.Parce que le Prince Zhu Biao est mort t?t, il aété transmis à Zhu Yunyan, le petit - fils a?né.L'empereur Yongle Zhu Di a prisle tr?ne de son neveu Zhu Yunyan.Au nom de l'entrée à Pékin pour éliminer lestra?tres, Zhu Di a envoyé des troupes vers le Sud.L'empereur Jianwen Zhu Yunkangn'a pas été retrouvé dans cette disent qu'un feu dans lePalais a été br?lé à mort, d'autres disent que le moine est devenu moine, c'esttoujours un cas en suspens dans l'histoire de la dynastie Ming, donc il n'y apas de mausolée.Zhu qiyu, le septième empereur de la dynastie Ming, a étécapturé par son frère a?né, l'empereur Yingzong Zhu qizhen, lors de latransformation du ch?teau de génie civil. Il ne pouvait pas être un empereursans propriétaire en un jour.
Plus tard, l'empereur Yingzong a été remis en liberté et a organisé un"changement de porte" sous la planification de son c?ur, le parti Yingzong a étérestauré et est devenu empereur.Après la mort de Zhu qiyu, l'empereur Yingzongne l'a pas reconnu comme empereur. Il a détruit le mausolée que Zhu qiyu avaitconstruit dans la région des tombes Ming et l'a enterré comme "Prince" au colJinshan dans la banlieue ouest de Pékin.Ainsi, les 16 Empereurs de la dynastieMing, dont deux ont été enterrés ailleurs, l'un n'a pas été retrouvé, et les 13autres ont été enterrés ici, de sorte qu'ils ont été collectivement appelés"tombes Ming".Les tombes Ming sont l'un des b?timents les plus préservés et lesplus enterrés au monde.
Les tombes sont construites dans une belle région montagneuse, à environ 50km de la capitale, et la superficie totale des tombes est d'environ 40kilomètres carrés.Les tombes des treize tombes ont été choisies et construitesselon le principe du Feng Shui, parce que les anciens Chinois ont mis l'accentsur le Feng Shui, que ce soit dans la construction de maisons ou de 'empereur est plus prétentieux, non seulement pour vivre une vie luxueuse, maisaussi pour continuer à profiter après la mort, de sorte que le choix du mausoléeest crucial.
Lors du choix du site du mausolée, il est nécessaire de choisir un bonendroit avec des montagnes et de l'eau, un bon environnement naturel et un ?vent de réservoir de gaz ?.Et les tombes sont un bon endroit: l'ensemble dumausolée est, Ouest, Nord entouré de montagnes, et au sud il y a des montagnesdragon et tigre à gauche et à droite, formant une porte naturelle, juste enaccord avec fengshui "dragon vert gauche, tigre blanc droit" dit.Au milieu,comme une grande cour, il y a la rivière Wenyu qui serpente du Nord - Ouest auSud - est dans la région du mausolée, formant un bassin dans la région dumausolée.Toute la région du mausolée prend le mausolée Changling comme pointclé, la ligne du Grand Palais - le mausolée Changling comme axe central, et lamontagne Tianshou comme ville au nord.L'eau sur le dos de la montagne etl'accumulation de gaz sont en effet un endroit idéal pour les tombes.
La raison pour laquelle l'empereur Yongle a choisi la montagne Tianshouactuelle a également subi de nombreux revers.Après la "bataille de Jingnan", ZhuDi est devenu empereur à Nanjing. ? cette époque, il a décidé de déménager sacapitale à Pékin pour consolider le pouvoir politique.Dans la cinquième année deYongle, c'est - à - dire 1407, l'impératrice Xu de Zhu Di est morte. ? cetteépoque, afin d'exprimer sa détermination à déménager la capitale de Pékin, ZhuDi a envoyé le Ministre de l'étiquette et le Sorcier Feng Shui Liao junqing àPékin pour choisir le "sol favorable".On dit que plusieurs endroits ont étéchoisis.
Tout d'abord, il a choisi le camp de boucherie à l'extérieur de la bouche,mais parce que l'empereur s'appelait Zhu, il avait la même prononciation que"cochon", et "Boucher" était le sens de l'abattage, le cochon dans le boucherdoit mourir sans aucun doute, de sorte que les tabous ne peuvent pas êtreutilisés.Un autre endroit a été choisi au pied de la montagne Yangshan dans leSud - ouest de Changping, où les porcs et les moutons s'entendentinstinctivement, mais il y a un village derrière la montagne appelé "Wolf eryu".Il est plus dangereux et inutile d'avoir des loups près des porcs.Plus tard,j'ai choisi yanjiatai à l'ouest de Pékin, mais "yanjia" et "Yan Jia" homonymes,aussi malchanceux.
Parce que la mort de l'empereur antique, en plus d'appeler "Drive - in",aussi appelé "Yan Jia".Bien que le paysage du temple tanzhe soit bon, lesmontagnes sont profondes et étroites, ce qui n'est pas propice au développementdes générations futures et ne convient pas à l' n'est que plustard que nous sommes arrivés à la montagne Tianshou.Tianshou Mountain à cetteépoque s'appelait Loess Mountain, l'empereur Yongle personnellement aprèsl'inspection, se sentait très satisfait, à ce moment - là a pris l'ordre, lamontagne Loess pour son "dix mille ans de terre favorable".C'est l'année de son50e anniversaire, donc la montagne Loess a été nommée "montagne Tianshou".De laseptième année de Yongle [1409] à la construction du mausolée Chang, jusqu'à ceque le dernier empereur de la dynastie Ming, Chongzhen, soit enterré dans lemausolée Siling, le projet de construction des tombes Ming n'a pas étéinterrompu depuis plus de 230 ans.
Les tombes Ming ont une histoire de plus de 300 à 500 ans depuis leurachèvement, et les b?timents au sol ont été gravement endommagés à plusieursreprises, dont le plus grave a été pendant la période de l'entrée des troupesQing.Alors pourquoi l'armée Qing a - t - elle détruit les tombes à grandeéchelle? Parce qu'à la fin de la dynastie Ming, l'ancêtre Taizu Nur hachi de ladynastie Qing s'est élevé dans le nord - Est, mena?ant directement la sécuritéde la dynastie Ming.
En conséquence, certains disent que la raison pour laquelle les soldatsQing sont forts est liée au Feng Shui de leurs tombes ancestrales. Si leurstombes ancestrales sont détruites, les soldats Qing peuvent êtredétruits.L'ancêtre de la nationalité mandchoue était l'homme d'or, et la tombeancestrale de la dynastie Jin était à Fangshan à Pékin.L'empereur Zhu yuechu dela dynastie Ming a cru la vérité. Il a envoyé des gens à Fangshan pour détruirele mausolée d'or et y a construit un temple de l'empereur Guan.Bien s?r, cetteméthode ne peut pas supprimer l'armée Qing.Résultats après l'entrée des troupesQing dans le col, les mêmes mesures de représailles ont été prises pour détruireles tombes Ming.Pendant la période Qianlong de la dynastie Qing, Qianlong avaitordonné la réparation du mausolée Ming afin d'attirer les , àl'époque de la République de Chine [vers 1914], les tyrans locaux et les humblesgentlemen ont détruit les tombes à grande échelle afin d'obtenir des droits depropriété.Ce n'est qu'après la Fondation de la nouvelle Chine, gr?ce à laréparation continue et à l'aménagement paysager, que nous pouvons voir son vraivisage aujourd'hui.Aujourd'hui, les tombes sont devenues une destinationtouristique célèbre en Chine et à l'étranger.
Chers amis, ce que je vous ai présenté ci - dessus est une vue d'ensembledes tombes, afin que vous ayez une compréhension préliminaire des tombes.?l'intérieur de l'endroit pittoresque, je vous présenterai plus en détail aprèsavoir atteint l'endroit pittoresque.
明十三陵，坐落于天寿山麓，距离北京约五十公里。陵区周围群山环抱，中部为平原，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒，山明水秀，景色宜人。十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分别建在东、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了体系完整、规模宏大、气势磅礴的陵寝建筑群。十三陵建于1420xx年，距今已有300—600多年历史。陵区占地面积达40平方公里，是中国乃至世界现存规模最大、帝后陵寝最多的一处皇陵建筑群。
明长陵，位于天寿山主峰南麓，是明朝第三位皇帝成祖文皇帝朱棣(年号永乐)和皇后徐氏的合葬陵寝。在十三陵中建筑规模*大，营建时间*早，地面建筑也保存得很完好。它是十三陵中的祖陵，也是陵区内主要的旅游景点之一。
长陵的陵宫建筑，占地约12万平方米。其平面布局呈前方后圆形状。其前面的方形部分，由前后相连的三进院落组成。*进院落，前设陵门一座。其制为单檐歇山顶的宫门式建筑，面阔显五间，檐下额枋、飞子、檐椽及单昂三踩式斗拱均系琉璃构件；其下辟有三个红券门。陵门之前建有月台，左右建有随墙式角门(已拆除并封塞)。
十三陵院内，北面正中位置建有高大巍峨的祾恩殿。这座大殿在明清两代，是用于供奉帝后神牌(牌位)和举行上陵祭祀活动的地方。
明定陵，是明代第十三帝神宗显皇帝朱翊钧(年号万历)的陵墓。这里还葬有他的两个皇后。该陵坐落在大峪山下，位于长陵西南方，建于1584～1590年(万历十二年至万历十八年)。它是十三陵中*一座被发掘了的陵墓。定陵地宫可供游人参观。新中国成立后，为进行历史科学研究，试掘了定陵。墓中有各种珍贵物品三千余件。明定陵地面建筑的总布局呈前方后圆形，含有中国古代哲学观念“天圆地方”的象征意义。
定陵是十三陵中三座大陵园之一。地面建筑共占18万平方米，前有宽阔院落三进，后有高大宝城一座。陵正门前方是三卒汉白玉石桥。过了桥是高大的碑亭。
地下玄宫由前、中、后、左、右五座高大宽敞的殿室联结而成，总面积1195平方米。其中前殿和左、右配殿内没有任何陈 设，中殿后部放有三个汉白玉石雕刻的宝座，每个宝座前设有一套黄色琉璃五供和一口青花云龙大瓷缸，后殿内棺床上放置皇 帝、皇后的棺椁，在其周围还放有26支红漆木箱，仪仗、铭旌及玉石等。地下玄宫出土了3000余件珍贵文物。
神路是明十三陵的*个景点，由石牌坊，大红门，碑楼，石像生，龙凤门等组成。石牌坊为陵区前的*座建筑物，建于1540年(嘉靖十九年)。牌坊结构为五楹、六柱、十一楼，全部用汉白玉雕砌，在额枋和柱石的上下，刻有龙、云图纹及麒麟、狮子等浮雕。
十三陵神道，即长陵神道，是长陵陵寝建筑的前导部分。总长约7.3公里。明朝时由南而北，依次建有石牌坊、三空桥、大红门、神功圣德碑亭、石像生、棂星门、南五空桥、七空桥、北五空桥等系列神道墓仪设施及桥涵建筑。
从大红门左右两侧延伸至龙山、虎山两山之巅，然后再向东西两侧蜿蜒而去。大红门处于高岗之上，中门正对天寿山主峰，左右又衬以龙山和虎山，气势非凡。
明昭陵，位于大峪山东麓，是明朝第十二帝穆宗庄皇帝朱载垕(年号隆庆)及其三位皇后的合葬陵寝。
昭陵是目前十三陵中*座大规模复原修葺的陵园，也是陵区正式开放的旅游景点之一。昭陵陵园建筑面积为35000平方米，现存有完整的祾恩门、祾恩殿及其东西配殿，和方城、明楼、宝顶等。这里埋葬有明朝第十二帝穆宗朱载垕和他的三位皇后。
银山塔林引位于昌平区城北30公里处，是国务院公布的中国重点文物保护单位，也是十三陵特区办事处主要的风景名胜区。银山，因秋去冬来，瑞雪纷飞，山岩银装素裹，冰雪层积而得名，又因山岩陡峭，岩壁色黑如铁，称为“铁壁”，合称“银山铁壁”。为明清时期“燕京八景”之一。
明十三陵，世界文化遗产，全国重点文物保护单位，国家重点风景名胜区，国家AAAAA级旅游景区。
明十三陵坐落于北京市昌平区天寿山麓，总面积一百二十余平方公里，距离天安门约五十公里。自永乐七年(1409)五月始作长陵，到明朝最后一帝崇祯葬入思陵止，其间230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太监墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嫔、两位太监。
截止20xx年，已开放景点有长陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。
明定陵是明代第十三位皇帝神宗显皇帝朱翊钧(年号万历)的陵墓。这里还葬有他的两个皇后。该陵坐落在大峪山下，位于长陵西南方，建于1584～1590年(万历十二年至万历十八年)。主要建筑有祾恩门、祾恩殿、宝城、明楼和地下宫殿等。占地1820xx平方米。它是十三陵中唯一一座被发掘了的陵墓。定陵地宫可供游人参观。
定陵早在万历帝生前就开始营建，万历十二年(公元1584年)开工，历时6年方完成，耗银八百万两。陵墓建成时皇帝只有28岁，直到1620xx年才正式启用。定陵成为十三陵中最大的三座陵园之一。它的地面建筑共占18万平方米，前有宽阔院落三进，后有高大宝城一座。陵正门前方是三卒汉白玉石桥。过了桥是高大的碑亭。亭周围有祠祭署、宰牲亭、定陵监等建筑物300多间。再往后就是陵园最外面的围墙-外罗城(围墙外的围墙)。
陵宫的总体布局亦呈前方后圆之形。其外围是一道将宝城、宝城前方院一包在内的“外罗城”。城内面积约18万平方米。清梁份《帝陵图说》对这道外城成做过这样的描述：“铺地墙基，其石皆文石，滑泽如新，微尘不能染。左右长垣琢为山水、花卉、龙凤、麒麟、海马、龟蛇之壮(状)，莫不宛然逼肖，真巧夺天工也。”又谓：“覆墙黄同瓦瓦，刻砖为斗拱，檐牙玲珑嵌空，光莹如玉石。甲申之变，寸寸毁之，而不能尽毁也。”外罗城仅前部正当中轴线位置设宫门一座，即陵寝第一道门。其制，黄瓦、朱扉、设券门三道。
外罗城内，偏后部位为宝城。宝城之前，在外罗城内设有三进方形的院落。
第一进院落，前设单檐歇山顶式陵门一座，制如外罗城门，为陵寝第二道门，又称重门。其左右各设有随墙式掖门一道。院落之内无建筑设施，院落之前(外罗城之内)左侧建有神厨三间，右侧建有神库三间。
第二进院落，前墙之间设祾恩门。其制面阔五间(通阔26.47米)，进深二间(通深11.46米)，下承一层须弥座式台基。台基之上龙凤望柱头式的石栏杆及大小螭首设置齐备。前后还各设有三出踏跺式台阶。
第三进院落，前墙间建有陵园最主要的殿宇——祾恩殿。其形制为重檐顶，面阔七间(通阔50.6米)，进深五间(通深28.1米)，下承须弥座式台基一层，围栏雕饰同祾恩门。台基前部出有月台。月台前设三出踏跺式台阶，左右各设一出。殿有后门，故台基的后面亦设踏跺式台阶一出。其中，后面一出踏跺及月台前中间一出踏跺设有御路石雕。刻龙凤戏珠(左升龙，右降凤)及海水江牙图案。祾恩殿左右各设随墙式掖门一座。院内沿中轴线设有两柱牌楼门(棂星门)一座、石几筵一套。牌楼门的两柱作出头式，白石雕成、截面为方形，顶部雕坐龙，前后戗以石抱鼓。石几筵，由石供案和石供器组成。石供案作须弥座式，石供器由香炉(一座)、烛台(二座)、花瓶(二座)组成。形制如长、永等陵。
由于宝城的隧道门设于宝城墙的右前方，帝后棺椁在享殿(祾恩殿)内举行“安神礼”后，必须途经外罗城内能进入宝城的隧道门入葬玄宫，同时考虑到建筑设计的对称性，在第三进院落左右两墙又对称地设有随墙式掖门各一座。
此外，定陵外罗城之前，左侧还建有宰性亭、祠祭署，右侧建有神宫监、神马房等附属建筑。定陵卫的营房则建于昌平城内。其中，定陵祠祭署的建筑布局是，中为公座(办公用的正厅)，后为官舍，前为门。神宫监有重门厅室，房屋多至300余间。
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